Prior unpleasant life experiences were linked to expectations of the potential likelihood of adverse incidents (e.g., environmental or technical hazards, violent crime) in a US national population (n = 975) who conducted online surveys annually for three years. Controlling for demographic factors historically correlated with elevated risk perceptions, having previously encountered a larger amount of harmful life events—of any type—was associated with greater risk perceptions, regardless of the danger being perceived. Also, when correcting for the consequences of other forms of negative incidents, this correlation was explained by the past familiarity of violent events, which predicted higher perceptions of the probability of potential adverse events. The findings are explored in terms of potential long-term schema modifications that could arise due to traumatic experiences marked by aggressive motive, violent images, and intense negative emotional reactions. According to insurance broker Aon (formerly known as Aon Benfield), Earth was besieged by a staggering 50 billion-dollar weather disasters in 2020, the most such disasters ever reported after correcting for inflation. The old high was established in 2010 and 2011 with 46 billion-dollar weather disasters. Since 1990, there have been 29 billion-dollar weather events on average every year (Dillon et al., 2011). Both 416 weather and earthquake events cataloged by Aon in 2020 resulted in $268 billion in total economic damages (insured and uninsured) (2020 USD). Weather-related events accounted for the vast majority of the amount in 2020 ($258 billion), which was 29% higher than the inflation-adjusted estimate from 2001 to 2020. With these figures, 2020 would be the fifth most expensive year on record for weather-related disasters.
P Theory and Practice in Public Policy and Governance Muhamad Azahar Abas, Universiti Malaysia, Faculty of Earth Science, Kelantan, Jeli, Malaysia antonyms Policy governance;Good governance;Governance;Public policy a description Governments or municipal bodies make long-term decisions to resolve public issues or to initiate proposals or responses to public challenges. The method of ruling a city, an entity, or a mechanism in which the decision-making process is engaged and decisions are enacted or not enforced is known as governance.
At $63 billion in losses (up from $53 billion in 2011), this year was the most costly for bad weather (including severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hail). According to Aon, more than 80% of extreme weather destruction happened in the United States in 2020, including the costliest severe weather occurrence in world history: a violent derecho in the United States’ midwest in August 2020, which caused $11 billion of the outbreak’s $12.6 billion in damage, with the rest incurred by tornadoes, hail, and other severe thunderstorms (Blum et al., 2014). Insured wildfire loss in 2020 was $12 billion, which was the third-largest on record, behind only 2017 and 2018. Global insured damages from wildfires topped $10 billion for the third time in the last four years in 2020; a level never reached until 2017. Surprisingly, wildfire has resulted in more than $70 billion of insured damages since 2000, with 75% of it occurring in the last five years.
References
Blum, S. C., Silver, R. C., & Poulin, M. J. (2014). Perceiving risk in a dangerous world: Associations between life experiences and risk perceptions. Social Cognition, 32(3), 297–314.
Dillon, R. L., Tinsley, C. H., & Cronin, M. (2011). Why near-miss events can decrease an individual’s protective response to hurricanes. Risk Analysis, 31(3), 440–449.
